J.-G. Young, A. Casari, K. McLaughlin, M. Z. Trujillo, L. Hébert-Dufresne and J. P. Bagrow

2021

2021 IEEE/ACM 18th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR)

https://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MSR52588.2021.00036

Open source software projects usually acknowledge contributions with text files, websites, and other idiosyncratic methods. These data sources are hard to mine, which is why contributorship is most frequently measured through changes to repositories, such as commits, pushes, or patches. Recently, some open source projects have taken to recording contributor actions with standardized systems; this opens up a unique opportunity to understand how community-generated notions of contributorship map onto codebases as the measure of contribution. Here, we characterize contributor acknowledgment models in open source by analyzing thousands of projects that use a model called All Contributors to acknowledge diverse contributions like outreach, finance, infrastructure, and community management. We analyze the life cycle of projects through this model’s lens and contrast its representation of contributorship with the picture given by other methods of acknowledgment, including GitHub’s top committers indicator and contributions derived from actions taken on the platform. We find that community-generated systems of contribution acknowledgment make work like idea generation or bug finding more visible, which generates a more extensive picture of collaboration. Further, we find that models requiring explicit attribution lead to more clearly defined boundaries around what is and is not a contribution.

Multidisciplinary learning through collective performance favors decentralization

Meluso, John, Hébert-Dufresne, Laurent

August, 2023

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Volume 120

https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2303568120

Many models of learning in teams assume that team members can share solutions or learn concurrently. However, these assumptions break down in multidisciplinary teams where team members often complete distinct, interrelated pieces of larger tasks. Such contexts make it difficult for individuals to separate the performance effects of their own actions from the actions of interacting neighbors. In this work, we show that individuals can overcome this challenge by learning from network neighbors through mediating artifacts (like collective performance assessments). When neighbors’ actions influence collective outcomes, teams with different networks perform relatively similarly to one another. However, varying a team’s network can affect performance on tasks that weight individuals’ contributions by network properties. Consequently, when individuals innovate (through “exploring” searches), dense networks hurt performance slightly by increasing uncertainty. In contrast, dense networks moderately help performance when individuals refine their work (through “exploiting” searches) by efficiently finding local optima. We also find that decentralization improves team performance across a battery of 34 tasks. Our results offer design principles for multidisciplinary teams within which other forms of learning prove more difficult.

The OCEAN mailing list data set: Network analysis spanning mailing lists and code repositories

M. Warrick and S. F. Rosenblatt and J. Young and A. Casari and L. Hebert-Dufresne and J. Bagrow

2022

2022 IEEE/ACM 19th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR)

https://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1145/3524842.3528479  

Communication surrounding the development of an open source project largely occurs outside the software repository itself. Historically, large communities often used a collection of mailing lists to discuss the different aspects of their projects. Multimodal tool use, with software development and communication happening on different channels, complicates the study of open source projects as a sociotechnical system. Here, we combine and standardize mailing lists of the Python community, resulting in 954,287 messages from 1995 to the present. We share all scraping and cleaning code to facilitate reproduction of this work, as well as smaller datasets for the Golang (122,721 messages), Angular (20,041 messages) and Node.js (12,514 messages) communities. To showcase the usefulness of these data, we focus on the CPython repository and merge the technical layer (which GitHub account works on what file and with whom) with the social layer (messages from unique email addresses) by identifying 33% of GitHub contributors in the mailing list data. We then explore correlations between the valence of social messaging and the structure of the collaboration network. We discuss how these data provide a laboratory to test theories from standard organizational science in large open source projects